Research Highlights:

  • Whether teenagers think the nicotine, toxins and chemicals in e-cigarette or vaping products are harmful to health is largely impacted by key socioeconomic and demographic factors, including their gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, household income, parent education level and where they lived.
  • Teens self-identifying as female, LGBTQ, white, those living in suburban areas, those with higher family incomes and those whose parents were more educated were more likely to think the contents in e-cigarette products were harmful.
  • Understanding the factors that influence teens’ perceptions of e-cigarette use could help tailor educational programs aimed at preventing teen vaping and encouraging cessation.

DALLAS, Jan. 7, 2020 — Teenagers’ gender, sexual orientation, household income and their parents’ level of education are among factors that impact whether they believe that nicotine, toxins and other chemicals in e-cigarette and vaping products are harmful to their health, according to new research conducted by the Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science of the American Heart Association, the leading voluntary health organization devoted to a world of longer, healthier lives. The study was published today in the journal Health Promotion Practice, a journal of the Society for Public Health Education.

Teens are vaping at alarming rates, with more than one in four high school students regularly using e-cigarettes. The number of middle school students using e-cigarettes increased nearly 50% last year.

“One of the challenges with educational efforts aimed at getting youth to stop using e-cigarettes or preventing them from starting is that many believe e-cigarettes are harmless,” said study lead author Thanh-Huyen T. Vu, M.D., Ph.D., a research faculty member of the Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago. “But many teenagers aren’t aware that e-cigarette products contain nicotine just as traditional cigarettes do, and there are proven, long-term health risks associated with nicotine, as well as with some of the other toxins and chemicals found in these products.”

Researchers conducted national online research queries in 2017 of more than 3,000 teens, age 13 to 18 years, both e-cigarette users and those who never used, asking them to respond yes or no to whether nicotine in e-cigarette products might cause health problems.

Not surprisingly, they found that teens’ perceptions of the health risks of nicotine in e-cigarettes were highest in those who had never used e-cigarettes and lowest in those who used both e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes. Overall, nearly 63% of the teens said nicotine in e-cigarettes might cause health risks — including 71% of teens who had never used e-cigarettes and nearly half of teens currently using e-cigarettes.

However, teens’ perception of harm varied significantly across personal demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Specifically:

  • Girls were 60% more likely than boys to perceive harm from e-cigarettes.
  • Whites were 34% more likely than blacks to think e-cigarettes were harmful.
  • Suburban residents were 33% more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as harmful compared to urban teen residents.
  • LGBTQ teens were 40% more likely than straight-identifying teens to believe e-cigarettes use is harmful to health.
  • Teens from high-income families were 28% more likely than those from low-income families to perceive e-cigarettes as harmful to health.
  • Those teens who parents had obtained a higher level of education were 31% more likely than those with less educated parents to think e-cigarettes were harmful.

The teens were also asked about the health risks of toxins and other chemicals in e-cigarettes and responses were similar to those given when asked about nicotine.

“Ours is one of the first studies to address how different groups of youth, especially vulnerable groups, perceive the health risks of e-cigarette contents.” Vu said. “In fact, teens overall are a vulnerable group, since nicotine has clear adverse effects on developing brains, and in humans, brain development continues throughout the teen years.”

Vu said one surprising finding was that teens identifying as LGBTQ had a higher perception of the health risks associated with the contents of e-cigarettes, because studies have shown this group has a high prevalence of e-cigarette use. But she said increased awareness of e-cigarette products and their health consequences may help prevent e-cigarette uptake or continued use among all youth.

“And a better understanding of how teens perceive e-cigarette products and their health consequences can help us tailor messaging for parents and guardians, teachers and coaches, anyone working closely with youth to improve how we’re communicating with them,” Vu said. “With the growing epidemic of vaping use and related illness, we think these findings provide timely insight into a critical public health issue.”

Co-authors are Allison Groom, M.A.; Joy L. Hart, Ph.D.; Hy Tran; Robyn L. Landry, APR; Jennie Z. Ma, Ph.D.; Kandi L. Walker, Ph.D.; Aida L. Giachello, Ph.D.; Anshula Kesh, M.P.H.; Thomas J. Payne, Ph.D.; and Rose Marie Robertson, M.D. Author disclosures are in the manuscript.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Tobacco Products supported the study.

The American Heart Association recently launched an aggressive, three-pronged initiative involving research, policy advocacy and youth activation to combat the teen vaping epidemic. The Association’s initiative includes a new $20 million research investment focused on the impact of vaping and nicotine use on youth; a nationwide youth, school and community engagement and awareness campaign, dubbed #QuitLying (QuitLying.org), designed to hold e-cigarette companies publicly accountable for their lies; and an impactful, multi-year fund dedicated to public policy change.

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